| What is considered as a deep membranous layer of the anterior lateral abdominal wall? | a) Cole’s fascia b) Endoabdominal fascia c) Scarpa’s fascia d) Camper’s fascia |
| What anterior lateral abdominal wall aponeurosis has a thick inferior margin that forms the inguinal ligament? Transversus Abdominis Internal Oblique External Oblique Rectus Abdominis | C. External Oblique |
| The neurovascular plane of the anterior abdomen is found between which group of muscles? Exterior Oblique and Interior Oblique Interior Oblique and Transversus Abdominis Rectus Abdominis and Transverus Abdominis Transversus Abdominis and Exterior Oblique | Interior Oblique and Transversus Abdominis |
| The only fascia or aponeurosis that covers the rectus abdominis posteriorly. a. Internal Oblique Fascia b. External Oblique Fascia c. Transversalis Fascia d. Rectus Sheathe | B. External Oblique Fascia |
| Where does the inferior epigastric originate from ? | External iliac artery |
| Which of the following anterior abdominal surface areas is unpaired? Hypochondriac Iliac Lumbar Hypogastric | D. Hypogastric |
| Where is the origin of the inferior rectal artery? a. Inferior vesical b. Internal pudendal c. Inferior mesenteric d. Sigmoid | |
| Counterpart layer in the spermatic cord of the internal oblique fascia in the anterolateral abdominal wall? | Cremasteric fascia |
| How Many layers are there in the anterior abdominal wall? | Ans: 9 |
| Crescentric line that demarcates the transition between posterior wall of sheath covering rectus and trasversalis fascia | D. Arcuate line |
| A. Linea Alba B. Spinoumbilical C. D. Arcuate line | |
| What umbilical peritoneal fold arises from the apex of the urinary bladder to the umbilicus in the posterior surface of the anterior abdominal wall? | A. Medial Umbilical Fold B. Inferior Umbilical Fold C. Lateral Umbilical Fold D. Median Umbilical Fold |
| What is the average length of the abdominal part of the esophagus? A. 2.5cm B. 3.5cm C. 4.25cm D. 1.25cm | A. 2.5cm |
| What is the main arterial blood supply of the abdominal part of the esophagus? a) Posterior intercostal b) Left gastric c) Right inferior phrenic d) Musculophrenic | |
| Interior part of the stomach formed due to the firm attachment of its mucosa to the muscular layer? A.Gastric Rugae B.Gastric Folds C.Gastric Mucosa D.Gastric canal | D.Gastric canal |
| What part of the stomach that is not covered with peritoneum usually where the blood lymphatics are located? | |
| What is the arterial blood supply of the stomach greater curvature that arises from the splenic artery? • Gastroduodenal Artery • Short Gastric Artery • Left Gastroepiploic Artery • Right Gastric Artery | Left Gastroepiploic Artery |
| Lowest pH | Gastric Juice |
| Which of the ff branches of the vagus nerve give rise to the posterior gastric branch? splenic pyloric celiac gastric | |
| Which vein does short gastric and left gastro omental veins drain into? | portal |
| The major duodenal papilla is located specifically at which part of the descending duodenum A. Anterior medial B. Anterior lateral C. Posterior medial D. Posterior lateral | C. Posterior medial |
| Where does the Superior Pancreaticoduodenal Artery come from? Gastroduodenal Artery Celiac Trunk Superior Mesenteric Artery Direct Abdominal Aorta | Gastroduodenal Artery |
| Portal vein is formed by the union of what veins | superior mesenteric vein & splenic vein |
| What do you call the arteries that runs in the jejunum and ileum in a straight line? Marginal Mesentery Mesocolic Vasa Recta | vasa recta |
| True characteristic of jejunum More plicae circulares, thicker, highly folded More complex arterial arcades Thicker mesenteric fats Shorter straight arteries | A. More plicae circulares, thicker, highly folded |
| Which of the following is a true characteristic of ileum? thicker wall less diameter more vascular solitary lymphoid follicle | less diamter |
| What is the longitudinal smooth layer of the large intestine? | Teniae coli |
| What is the ridge formed laterally in the intestinal cecum? Superior Ileocolic Fold Frenula of the Ileal Orifice Ileal Papilla Inferior Ileocolic Fold | Frenula of the Ileal Orifice |
| What branch of the superior mesenteric arteries gives rise to the appendicular artery? Right colic Middle colic Left colic Ileocolic | Ileocolic |
| What are the arterial blood supplies of the right colic flexure? | Right Colic and Middle colic |
| Descending and Sigmoid vessels drain initially in: | Colic Lymph Nodes |
| Structure that indicate, end of rectum and beginning of anal canal. | pectinate line |
| Which of the following best describes the peritoneal coverage of the rectum? a. Superior 3rd, Anterior and Lateral b. Middle 3rd, Posterior c. Middle 3rd, Lateral d. Superior 3rd, Anterior | a. Superior 3rd, Anterior and Lateral |
| Where is the origin of the inferior rectal artery? a. Inferior vesical b. Internal pudendal c. Inferior mesenteric d. Sigmoid | b. Internal pudendal |
| Anal canal structure that differentiates it from the visceral and somatic part? A. Anal column B. Perineal body C. Anococcygeal ligament D. Dentate line | D. Dentate line |
| What is the approximate length of the root of mesentery A. 10 cm B. 15 cm C. 20 cm D. 25 cm | B. 15 cm |
| 43. What are the sacculations of the large intestine walls? A. B. Taenia Mesocolic C. _____circulares D . Haustra | D. Haustra |
| 44. What is the internal diameter of the cecum? A. 5.5 B. 6.5 C. 7.5 D. 8.5 | C. 7.5 |
| What is the length of the appendix? | 6-10 cm |
| What type of rectum is described as Subperitoneal A. Superior B. Inferior C. Middle D. Anoctal | B. Inferior |
| Where do superior rectal arteries come from? A. superior mesenteric artery B. inferior mesenteric artery C. hepatic artery | inferior mesenteric artery |
| where do the inferior rectal veins drain directly? Superior mesenteric Internal iliac Internal pudendal External iliac | C. Internal pudendal |
| Where is the superior rectal vessel located in the anal canal? | Dentate Line |
| What is the net gain of atp molecules from one molecule of glucose | |
| A. 1atp B. 2atp C. 4atp D. 8atp | 2 ATP |
| which enzyme catalyzes the irreversible step of glycolysis involving the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1-6 bisphosphate a.hexokinase b.phosphofructokinase-1 c.aldolase d.enolase | phosphofructokinase-1 |
| Which of the following molecule act as a substrate to PFK-1? A. GLUCOSE B. ATP C.FRUCTOSE 2,6 biphosphate D. Pyruvate | ATP? |
| During the first week of a diet of 1500 calories per day, the oxidation of glucose via glycolysis in the liver of a normal 55-kg woman is inhibited by the lowering of which of the ff? ATP, Citrate, Ketone bodies, Fructose 2,6-biphosphatase | Fructose 2,6-biphosphatase |
| purpose of glycogenolysis | Glycogenolysis is the process of glycogen degradation. Glycogenolysis happens in the liver and kidney to produce glucose for balancing the blood sugar |
| Which hormone stimulates glycogen synthesis in the liver Glucagon Insulin Epinephrine Cortisol | insulin |
| In which cellular location does glycolysis occur mitochondria cytoplasm endoplasmic reticulum | cytoplasm |
| What is the function of the enzyme glycogen phosphate Synthesis of glycogen B. Breakdown of glycogen Convert glucose to glucose 6 phosphate Convert fructose to glucose | B. Breakdown of glycogen |
| what is the product of glycolysis that proceeds to citric acid cycle? a) ATP b) NAD c) Pyruvate d) Acetyl-CoA | c) Pyruvate |
| Which of the following compound is not produced during one turn of citric acid cycle? A. ATP B. NADH C. FADH2 D. ACETYL COA | D. ACETYL COA |
| primary role of CAC in cellular metabolism A. Generate ATP B. Produce — C. Oxidize Acetyl COA D. Convert Fatty Acid | C (?) A bit torn between A or C |
| What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of citrate to isocitrate? | Aconitase |
| How many CO2 is released in TCA every 1 cycle? | 2 |
| What substrate to fed into the CAC to produce citrate? A. Acetyl CoA B. Pyruvate C. Alpha Ketoglutarate D. Oxaloacetate | A. Acetyl-CoA? |
| What is the main function of succinic dehydrogenase? | Ans. succinate to fumarate |
| Which of the following describes the significance of oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle Produced only at the end of the cycle Key intermediate that allows the cycle to continue Not involved in the cycle Can be converted to glucose | B. Key intermediate that allows the cycle to continue |
| How many NADH are produced in one cycle of TCA? | 3 per pyruvate (since there are 2 pyruvates, it could be 6 in 2 turns) |
| what is the product formed from the condensation of acetylcoa and oxaloacetate | citrate |
| ? | |
| What is the primary role of gluconeogenesis in the body? | To synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate sources |
| Which substrate is used for gluconeogenesis? A. Lactate B. Acetyl Co-A C. Fatty Acids D. Glucose | A. Lactate |
| What enzyme converts pyrhvate to phosphoenolpyruvate A. Pyruvate dehydrogenase B. Pyruvate decarboxylase C. PEPCK D. Forgot here | C. PEPCK (?) |
| Which of the hormones stimulates gluconeogenesis? a. insulin b. glucagon c. epinephrine d. both b and c | D. Both b and c |
| Where is the primary site for gluconeogenesis a. muscle b. pancreas c. liver d. stomach | c. Liver |
| This cell in the salivary gland is found in the basal lamina with contractile processes that are important for moving secretory products into and through ducts Serous cells Mucous cells Myoepithelial cells Serous demilunes | C. myoepithelial cells |
| best place to find serous demilunes | c. sublingual gland not submandibular? Sublingual |
| What feature is present in the Pancreas but not in the parotid gland? a. Presence of mucous gland b. Presence of centroacinar cells c. Absence of intercalated disk | B |
| stimulates enzyme secretion by acinar cells of the pancreas | a. CCK |
| The liver is covered by a connective tissue called? A. Bowman’s capsule B. Glisson’s C. Taenia albuginia? D. Taenia virgalis? | B. |
| Which cells secrete bile? kupffer cells stellate cells ito cells D. hepatocytes | hepatocytes |
| A patient with chronic passive congestion of the liver is most likely to experience injury in which zone of the liver lobule? a) Zone 1 b) Zone 2 c) Zone 3 d) All zones equally | Zone 3 |
| What is the closest to the portal tract/triad and receives the most oxygenated blood? Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 | A. Zone 1 |
| 85. What layes is absent in the gall bladder | |
| These are specialized macrophages of the liver found in the sinusoidal lining. A. Kupffer cells B. Cholangiocytes C. Oval Cells D. Ito cells | A. Kupffer cells |
| 90. What is the correct flow of blood in the liver? | |
| These are the columnar or cuboidal cells that line the bile ductules | b. Cholangiocytes |
| 93.These cells of the pancreas secretes bicarbonate that hydrates, flushes, and alkalines the enzymatic secretion of the acini A. Alpa cells B. Beta cells C. Centroacina D. Chief cells | C. Centroacina |
| The teniae coli represents what layer of the colon A. Innner circular muscle layer B. Outer longitudinal muscle layer C. Muscularis mucosae D. Serosa | B. Outer longitudinal muscle layer |
| A major salivary gland | Parotid gland |
| Which is a risk factor of hemorroids? A. Low fiber diet | |
| B. Constipation C. Increased pressure (lifting) D. All of the above | |
| 97 What is the distinct feature in pancreas that is not in the parotid -centroacinar cells | Centroacinar cells |
| What is composed of skeletal muscle: A. Internal anal sphincter B. External anal sphincter C. Pyloric sphincter D. (Sorry, I forgot the other choice) | b. External anal sphincter |
| True or False. Fasting would signify the CATABOLIC period. True False | a. True |
| Which of the following factors controls the release of gastrin? A. Vagal stimulation B. C. Parietal cell 4. A cell | A |
| 102 This hormone promotes pancreatic and biliary bicarbonate and water release A cholecystokinin B substance p C somatostatin D secretin | d. |
| Plicae circulares is found in what organ Cecum Duodenum Jejunum Colon | jejunum |
| These cells are responsible for producing gastric lipase a. chief cells b. parietal cells c. goblet cells d. mucous neck cells | |
| Female, epithelium… rupture replaced by epithelium similar to small intestines with goblet cell what’s the condition a. Barrets b. GERD c. Squamous metaplasia | |
| Most common type of tongue papilla A. Circumvallate B. Filiform C. Fungiform D. Foliate | |
| This condition appears as a white exudate on the dorsal surface of the tongue, caused by Candida albicans (a type of yeast), and it commonly affects immunocompromised patients. A. Malakoplakia B. Oral Thrush C. Erythroplakia D. Geographic Tongue | B. Oral Thrush |
| Best describes oxidative phase of hexose monophosphate pathway A. Reversible, produces Ribose B. Irreversible, produces NAD C. Reversible, produces Fructose D. Irreversible, produces NADPH | D. Irreversible, produces NADPH |
| 2 hrs after ingesting a meal, would increased the activity of this hormone A. Insulin B. Calcitonin C. Glucagon D. Thyroxine | |
| During Fasting, the liver will first use what metabolic process for glucose production? A. Glycogenolysis B. Fatty Acid Oxidation C. Gluconeogenesis D. Glycolysis(?) | A. Glycogenolysis |
| IMPORTANT ROLE/S OF PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY | |
| It catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose to fructose- phosphate | Fructokinase |
| Condition associated with increased quantities of xylulose due to an enzyme deficiency | Essential pentosuria |
| Most severe type of Galactosemia Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 | Type 1 Galactosemia |
| Secretion of H+ in gastric parietal cells | Active transport |
| Sugar that is accumulated in the lens of the eye that could lead to cataract formation in diabetic patients. | Sorbitol |
| In a well fed state, there is an increase blood glucose level | A. True B. False, A |
| True about porphyrins except Cyclic compound Formed with methylene bridges Formed with metal ions Form coordinate bonds 127 Product produced during oxidative phase of Pentose Phosphate Pathway A. Xylulose 5-phospate B. Fructose 6-phosphate C. Ribose 6-phosphate D. Hemi… 7- phosphate | C. Formed with metal ions |
| CASE FOR 128-129 Attendant in gas station compliant dizziness. Work up revealed severe anemia led to hypochromic microcytic anemia. Bone marrow biopsy revealed sideroblast RBC. Which enzyme is the causative agent? A. ALA dehydratase B. ALA synthase C. Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase D. Porphobilinogen | B. ALA synthase from chat gpt 😀 |
| What is the causative agent? A. Plasmodium spp B. Lead poisoning C. Carbon monoxide Poisoning D. Iron deficiency anemia | |
| Enzyme defective in acute intermittent porphyria? | hydroxymethylbilane synthase (uroporphyrinogen I synthase) |
| How many ATPs are generated in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway? | 0 ATP |
| Yellow stool A. Urobilinogen oxidizes urobilin B. Urobilin oxidizes urobilinogen C. Bacteria G……. urobilin D. Amphibians and birds….. urobilinogen | |
| When you swallow food, this prevents food from entering trachea. | -epiglottis |
| The presence of acholic feces indicates a. Pre-hepatic hyperbillirubidemia b. Hepatic hyperbillirubidemia c. Post-hepatic hyperbillirubidemia d. A and B | |
| 136. Meisnner’s plexus controls: Secretion and blood flow | Secretion and blood flow |
| The layer of intestinal tract composed of muscle fibers responsible for segmentation contraction Longitudinal muscle layer Oblique muscle layer Mucosal muscle Submucosal muscle | |
| Cholecystokinin stimulates Gallbladder constriction Insulin production Gastric secretion | |
| Hormone secreted by S cells: Secretin | Secretin |
| Slow waves are fastest in the a. Body of the stomach b. Duodenum c. Terminal Ileum d. Transverse colon | b. Duodenum |
| Had something to do with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia – jaundice | |
| GI reflex from stomach to GI tract A. Enterogastric B. Colonoileal C.Gastrocolic D. Gastroileal | |
| Gastric inhibitory peptide A. Stimulates gallbladder contraction B. Stimulates insulin release C. Inhibits gastric secretion D. Inhibits pancreatic bicarbonate secretion | |
| Continuation of IMA | Superior Rectal Artery |
| The structure that prevents the backflow of food from the cecum to the ileum? | ileocecal valve. |
| Increased peristaltic activity in the ileum and emptying of ileal contents into the cecum proceeds immediately after a meal A. Gastroenteric reflex B. Gastroileal reflex C. Peritoneointestinal reflex D. Renointestinal reflex | B. Gastroileal reflex |
| What enzyme catalyzes trypsinogen to trypsin? A. Lipase B. Enterokinase C. Peptidase D. Amylase | B. Enterokinase |
| Regarding gastric secretion, pyloric glands are: Acid forming gland Secrete pepsinogen Secrete intrinsic factor and HCl Secrete mucus and gastrin | |
| What are the secretion of chief cells HCL and intrinsic factor HCL and H3O Mucus and gastrin D. Pepsinogen | D. Pepsinogen |
| Which GI secretion is inhibited when the pH of stomach contents is 1.0? | b. Gastric secretion |
| Saliva Gastric secretion Pancreatic secretion Bile | |
| Which of the following process is the most important in digestion | Gastric secretion Intestinal secretion Pancreatic secretion Salivary secretion |
| Imbalance between gastric secretion and mucosal absorption and neutralization A. Achalasia B. Megacolon C. Peptic ulcer D. Sprue | c. peptic ulcer(?) |
| Product of oxidative phase | Ribose 5 phosphate |
| Largest area for absorption in small intestine A.Valvulae Conniventes B. Villi C. Microvilli D. Taenia coli | Valvulae Conniventes ( or circular folds, dba circ folds is 3x? Then villi is 10x? Then microvilli 20x? |
| Which of the following substances must be further digested before it must be carried by intestinal carriers? a. Fructose b. Alanine c. Lactose d. Free fatty acids | Lactose |
| WHICH OF THE FF HAS LOWEST PH GASTRIC JUICE COLONIC LUMINAL CONTENTS PANCREATIC JUICE SALIVA | A. GASTRIC JUICE |
| What basic process is involved in chemical digestion? A. Condensation B. Hydrolysis C. Reduction D. Oxidation | B. Hydrolysis |
| Which of the following describes the carbohydrate digestion A. Starts when the food is in contact with the pancreatic enzyme B. Ends when the starch is converted to maltose C. Glucose represents the 80% of the carbohydrate digestion D. Sucrase splits sucrose to galactose and glucose | |
| Protein proteolytic enzyme for digestion of connective tissue in meats | D. Elastase |
| A. Pepsin B. Trypsin C. Chymotrypsin D. Elastase | |
| Small, spherical, and cylindrical globules composed of 20-40 bile salts that perform a “ferrying function” in fat absorption. A. B. C. Pinocytotic vesicle D. Micelles | D. Micelles |
| Female px, presents to ER … which of the following would most likely be least absorbed chuchu basta naa na sa previous assessment A. Proteins B. Fats C. Carbohydrates D. I forgot | B. Fats |
| Which of the following is cotransported with Na? a. Fructose b. fatty acid c. leucine | C. Leucine |
| Which hormone is released by the presence of fat and protein in the small intestine and has a major effect in decreasing gastric emptying? A. Cholecystokinin B. Gastrin C. Motilin D. Secretin | A. Cholecystokinin |
| In this disorder, there is damage in the neural network of myenteric plexus in the lower two thirds of the esophagus a. sprue b. achalasia c. hirschsprung’s disease d. gastritis | |
| Intrinsic factor is produced by | Parietal cells in stomach |
| 175 Most common site of peptic ulcer formation A antrum B pylorus C lower esophagus D greater curvature of the stomach | b. Pylorus |
| Which of the following helps protect the stomach from acidic damage? A. Increase in gastric acid B. Decrease in mucus production C. Production of ammonia D. Decrease in ammonia levels | C |
| In megacolon, which enteric plexus is affected: Auerbach’s plexus Meissner’s plexus Submucosal plexus Mucosal plexus | a. Auerbach’s plexus |
| Patient was vomiting. Has acidus vomitus, has ABG of alkaline pH. There was an intestinal blockage. Where is the blockage located? A. Pylorus B. Beyond the stomach C. Chuchu intestine Kalimot nako | A. Pylorus |
| Which is not a function of liver? Filtration & storage of blood Metabolism of carbs, fats & proteins Formation of coagulation factors Formation of hormones and vitamins | |
| 182. The cleansing function of the liver is made possible through A. Bile canaliculi B. Kupffer cells C. Bile Salts D. Hepatic circulation | B. Kupffer cells |
| 184. What form of bilirubin is excreted by the hepatocytes into the bile canalliculi A. Biliverdin B. Unconjugated bilirubin C. Conjugated bilirubin D. Stercobilin | C. Conjugated bilirubin |
| 40 years old female that reported with jaundice and icteric sclera | Obstructive, conjugated |
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